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Title
Liver diseases and essential trace elements
Author
Suzuki K; Oyama R; Hayashi E; Arakawa Y
Address
Department of Internal Medicine' Surugadai Nihon University Hospital.
Source
Nippon Rinsho, 54(1):85-92 1996 Jan
Abstract
The significance of the biochemical and nutritional roles of
trace
elements is widely recognized' since metals are found as constituent
components of many metalloproteins and metalloenzymes. Some trace
elements such as copper act as cofactors against hepatic fibrosis
in
chronic liver diseases' particularly in the biosynthesis of collagen.
As the disease progress from chronic hepatitis to liver cirrhosis'
serum calcium' magnesium' phosphorus and zinc concentrations
decrease'
while the copper concentration increases. In the patients with
hepatocellular carcinoma' serum concentrations of trace elements
are
similar to those of liver cirrhosis. In the patients with acute
hepatitis' serum calcium' magnesium and zinc concentrations decrease'
while phosphorus' iron and copper concentrations decrease. These
trace
element abnormalities may reflect such pathological conditions
as liver
dysfunction' cholestasis' hepatic fibrosis or liver regeneration.
Title
[The role of trace elements concerning to disorders of lipid
metabolism
Author
Miyake N
Address
Department of Clinical Pathology' Juntendo University School
of
Medicine.
Source
Nippon Rinsho, 54(1):73-8 1996 Jan
Abstract
Modified LDL' caused by many factors' is associated with increased
atherogenisity. In many modified LDLs' it is recognized that
LDL
oxidation occurs in vivo' and oxidized LDL demonstrates enhanced
cellular uptake by macrophage scavenger receptor' foam cell formation.
In vitro' iron and zinc are necessary for oxidized LDL and lipid
peroxisides' and considering these elements to participate in
vivo'
particularly hyperlipidemia. In fact' hyperlipidemia with high
serum
levels iron or zinc concentration is a risk factor of coronary
heart
disease. Further' the possibility of selenium insufficiency accelerated
lipid peroxisides in vivo' because glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx)'
the
antioxidant effect' includes selenium' and GSHPx hyperproduction
are
recognized in atherosclerotic lesion. It is known that oxidized
LDL are
more excessive in hyperlipidemia' so hyperlipidemia may suffer
more
from trace element status in vivo. Enzymes and hormones' influencing
lipid metabolism' are necessary for many trace elements their
activation. Trace elements may therefore' be important in several
stage
of lipid metabolism.
Title
Trace elements and chronic liver diseases.
Author
Loguercio C; De Girolamo V; Federico A; Feng SL; Cataldi V; Del
Vecchio
Blanco C; Gialanella G
Address
Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, Seconda Universit`a di Napoli,
Italia.
Source
J Trace Elem Med Biol, 11(3):158-61 1997 Nov
Abstract
The relationships between chronic liver diseases and trace element
(TE)
contents are debated. Particularly, no defined data are available
about
the TE levels in viral liver disease patients with or without
malnutrition. In this study we evaluated blood and plasma levels
of
various trace elements in patients with HCV-related chronic liver
disease, at different stages of liver damage (8 patients with
chronic
hepatitis and 32 with liver cirrhosis) with or without malnutrition.
We
also studied 10 healthy volunteers as control group. We found
that
cirrhotic subjects had a significant decrease of blood levels
of Zn and
Se, independently on the nutritional status, whereas plasma levels
of
Fe were significantly reduced only in malnourished cirrhotic
patients.
Our data indicate that liver impairment is the main cause of
the blood
decrease of Se and Zn levels in patients with non alcoholic liver
disease, whereas the malnutrition affects Fe levels only.
Title
Studies on some trace and minor elements in blood. A survey of
the
Kalpakkam (India) population. Part II: Reference values for plasma
and
red cell, and correlation with coronary risk index.
Author
Mahalingam TR; Vijayalakshmi S; Prabhu RK; Thiruvengadasami A;
Murthy
KS; Sen D; Mathews CK; Shanmugasundaram KR
Address
Chemical Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam,
India.
Source
Biol Trace Elem Res, 57(3):207-21 1997 Jun
Abstract
Since data on the trace element levels in Indian population are
lacking, we chose to conduct a survey of the Kalpakkam township
population. People in the age group 40-55 were included in this
study.
Reference values for trace and minor elements of the blood of
the
Kalpakkam population were arrived at by carrying out the analysis
of
plasma and red cells of healthy subjects of the Kalpakkam population.
Although the "reference values" for many elements were
found to be
normal and comparable to values available in the literature,
slight
deficiency with respect to Se was noticed. Subjects with high
coronary
risk index were also included in the study to assess the possible
correlation of elemental and lipid profile. A study of box plots
showed
that the elements Se, Mg, Na, K, and Fe show significant differences
between "high risk" coronary risk index (CRI > 5)
and "no risk" (CRI <
4.5). In the plasma, the levels of Mg, Na, and K were found to
be less
in the high-risk group. In red cells, the amount of Se, Fe, and
K were
found to be significantly less in the "high-risk" group
as compared to
the "no-risk" group.
Title
Trace elements in health and diseases.
Author
Xiu YM
Address
Department of Trace Element Nutrition' Chinese Academy of Preventive
Medicine' BeiJing' China.
Source
Biomed Environ Sci, 9(2-3):130-6 1996 Sep
Abstract
Remarkable progress has occurred in many branches of biology
and health
sciences during the last few decades. Trace element (TE) research
has
definitely shared in this explosion of scientific knowledge.
Due to the
improvements in analytical technology' the discovery of TEs in
organism
was realized. The developments of TE research have been promoted
by the
demand of public health (e.g. deficiency or toxicity). The profound
knowledge of nutritional importance of TEs has been achieved
with
application of advanced methods in biological' medical and chemical
fields' etc. In this paper' a new definition of essentiality
of TEs is
introduced. According to this definition' only ten TEs (Fe' Zn'
F' Cu'
I' Se' Mn' Mo' Cr' Co) are considered to be essential to humans.
The
others need more evidence to prove their essentiality in humans.
The
recent progress on the biochemical and immunological functions
of TEs
and on the roles of TEs in brain development are briefly described.
The
TEs' mainly Se' I' Zn' Fe' are more closely related to public
health.
Also' emphases are laid on balancing all nutrients when new knowledge
of essential TEs is applied in public health.
Title
Selected vitamins and trace elements in blood of vegetarians.
Author
KraJ covi cov]a-Kudl]a ckov]a M; Simon ci c R; Babinsk]a K; B]ederov]a
A; Brtkov]a A; Mag]alov]a T; Gran ci]cov]a E
Address
Research Institute of Nutrition' Bratislava' Slovakia.
Source
Ann Nutr Metab, 39(6):334-9 1995
Abstract
Selected vitamin (A' C' E' beta-carotene) and trace element (selenium'
zinc' copper) levels were estimated in the blood of 67 vegetarian
nonsmokers aged 34-60 years. The average period of lacto- or
lacto-ovovegetarianism was 6.2 years. The results were compared
with
those of 75 nonvegetarians of the same age and living in the
same
region. Vegetarians had significantly higher plasma levels of
essential
antioxidants: vitamin C' beta-carotene' and vitamin A. A significantly
higher molar ratio vitamin E/cholesterol indicates a more effective
protection especially of low-density lipoproteins against peroxidation.
Oxidation of low-density lipoproteins represents one of the key
factors
in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The molar ratio vitamin
E/total
lipids was significantly higher in plasma of vegetarians' demonstrating
a more effective protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids against
peroxidation. Vegetarians had significantly higher plasma levels
of
selenium and similar levels of zinc and copper when compared
to
nonvegetarians. These trace elements are important for the activity
of
antioxidant enzymes. The results document a beneficial effect
of
vegetarian nutritional habits on antioxidative parameters and
thus on
the reduction of cardiovascular diseases and cancer risk. Reactive
products of oxygen metabolism and subsequent toxic products of
lipid
peroxidation play an important role in the etiology of these
diseases.
Title
Toxicity considerations when revising the Nordic nutrition
recommendations.
Author
Sandstr om B
Address
Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and
Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Source
J Nutr, 128(2 Suppl):372S-374S 1998 Feb
Abstract
The Nordic countries have issued common nutrition recommendations
since
1980. In connection with the 3rd revision, a joint working group
of
nutritionists and toxicologists assessed the toxicology of selected
trace elements. Values for upper limits of intake were established
for
iron, zinc, iodine and selenium. The safety factors between the
lowest
intakes at which adverse effects had been reported and the suggested
upper limits of intake were small. In the toxicological evaluation
of
upper safe intake levels of essential trace elements, interactions
between trace elements as well as long-term exposure to moderately
elevated trace element intakes have to be considered.
Title
Trace elements and inflammatory response: implications for nutritional
support.
Author
Shenkin A
Address
Department of Clinical Chemistry' Royal Liverpool University
Hospital'
United Kingdom.
Source
Nutrition, 11(1 Suppl):100-5 1995 Jan-Feb
Abstract
The acute-phase response to inJury or infection is associated
with
alteration in dynamics of many trace elements' particularly iron'
zinc
and copper. The fall in serum iron and zinc' and rise in serum
copper'
are brought about by changes in the concentration of specific
tissue
proteins controlled by cytokines' especially interleukin 1' tumor
necrosis factor' and interleukin 6. These are generally believed
to be
beneficial aspects of the early acute phase response. One difficulty
associated with these changes is that assessment of status for
these
elements is particularly difficult' since plasma concentration
may bear
little relationship to tissue status. Simultaneous assessment
of the
acute-phase response' for example' serum C-reactive protein'
together
with trace elements and monitoring changes in concentrations'
may'
however' permit interpretation of trace element requirements.
Suggestions are made for the requirements for these and other
essential
elements during enteral or intravenous nutrition' together with
proposed methods of interpreting laboratory tests.
Title
Daily dietary intake of copper' zinc' and selenium of exclusively
breast-fed infants of middle-class women in Burundi' Africa.
Author
Robberecht H; Benemariya H; Deelstra H
Address
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences' University of Antwerp'
WilriJk'
Belgium.
Source
Biol Trace Elem Res, 49(2-3):151-9 1995 Aug-Sep
Abstract
Copper (Cu)' zinc (Zn)' and selenium (Se) in human milk of middle-class
Burundian women during the first 10 mo of lactation have been
determined. Wet acid digestion' using nitric and perchloric acids'
and
atomic absorption spectrometric analysis have been used. Daily
intakes
have been calculated and proven to decrease from 0.39 +/- 0.05
(colostrum) to 0.16 +/- 0.02 (mature milk)' 2.3 +/- 0.3 (colostrum)'
to
1.2 +/- 0.2 mg (mature milk) and 10.9 +/- 1.5 (colostrum) to
5.3 +/-
0.8 micrograms (mature milk) for Cu' Zn' and Se' respectively.
Since
values for this African country are nonexistent' intake levels
are
compared with literature data and found to be somewhat higher
than
those observed in other poorly nourished countries. The recommended
safe and adequate daily intake for infants of 0-6 mo of age'
as
proposed by the National Research Council of the USA' is only
met for
Burundian infants < 1 mo of age. The function of copper (Cu)
and zinc
(Zn) as essential trace elements has been known for quite a number
of
years (1). Also' selenium (Se) is a trace element essential for
the
activity of glutathione peroxidase (2) and type I iodothyronine
5-deiodinase (3). For all three elements' an adequate intake
is
necessary for satisfactory infant growth and development (4).
In view
of the almost total lack of relevant data on Burundi (Africa)'
we have
determined Cu' Zn' and Se in human milk of middle-class Burundian
women
during the first 10 mo of lactation (5). The aim of this study
is to
assess infants` elemental intake for this country and compare
this with
literature data on trace elemental intake of exclusively breast-fed
infants.
Title
Between a rock and a hard place: methods for setting dietary
allowances
and exposure limits for essential minerals.
Author
Olin SS
Address
International Life Sciences Institute, Risk Science Institute,
Washington, DC 20036, USA.
Source
J Nutr, 128(2 Suppl):364S-367S 1998 Feb
Abstract
For each essential trace element, there are two ranges of intake
associated with adverse health effects: intakes that are too
low and
can lead to nutritional deficits and intakes that are too high
and can
lead to toxicity. Between these two ranges, there is a range
of safe
and adequate intakes that is compatible with good health; the
challenge
is to define that range quantitatively. The exposure limit for
toxicity
traditionally has been determined by dividing a
"no-observed-adverse-effect level," often from studies
in experimental
animals, by a series of uncertainty factors. Dietary allowances
to meet
nutritional requirements, on the other hand, have been based
primarily
on data in humans. Uncertainty, variability and limitations in
the data
base tend to increase estimates of nutritional requirements and
decrease estimated toxic exposure limits, driving the values
closer
together. Chromium (III) and zinc are contrasting cases. Other
factors,
such as bioavailability, selection of the critical effect and
interactions also can play important roles. Close coordination
between
the nutrition and toxicology communities, as envisioned in the
NRC Food
and Nutrition Board initiative on Dietary Reference Intakes,
is
essential in establishing acceptable ranges of intake for trace
elements.
Title
Essential trace element alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Author
Kapaki E; Zournas C; Kanias G; Zambelis T; Kakami A; Papageorgiou
C
Address
Department of Neurology (Research Laboratory)' Athens National
University' Eginition Hospital' Greece.
Source
J Neurol Sci, 147(2):171-5 1997 Apr 15
Abstract
Although trace elements have been implicated in the pathogenesis
of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) for a long time' new evidence
has
connected familial ALS with the metalloenzyme copper-zinc superoxide
dismutase' thus reinforcing the study of their metabolism. This
work
presents the results of serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels
of copper'
zinc' manganese and magnesium' by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Statistically significant decreased cerebrospinal fluid and serum
copper levels were found in patients compared to the control
group
(20.25 +/- 7.09 vs. 30.86 +/- 16.02 SD micrograms/l and 913.21
+/-
165.55 vs. 1020.17 +/- 197.76 SD micrograms/l) while serum manganese
levels were found to be increased in patients (3.59 +/- 0.89
SD
micrograms/l) compared to controls (3.03 +/- 1.23 SD micrograms/l).
Zinc and magnesium levels were unchanged. Our findings indicate
an
essential trace element imbalance in the disease. |
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