Title
Inhibition of Candida adhesion to buccal epithelial cells by an aqueous extract of Allium
sativum (garlic).
Author
Ghannoum MA
Source
J Appl Bacteriol, 1990 Feb, 68:2, 163-9
Abstract
The effect of pre-incubation of either Candida or buccal epithelial cells (BEC) with different
concentrations of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) was investigated, as well as the effect of
mouth rinse with AGE on the adhesion of yeast to BEC. Adhesion of Candida spp. to BEC
was significantly reduced after both short and long time exposure of yeast to AGE. A
similar inhibition of adherence was observed upon preincubation of BEC with AGE. The
adherence-inhibition activity of AGE treatment was antagonized by thiols such as
L-cysteine, glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol. In addition, germ-tube formation was
suppressed when C. albicans cells were pretreated with AGE. There was a significant
reduction in the adherence of yeasts to BEC collected immediately or 15 min after an oral
rinse with AGE. No statistical significance in the adhesion of BEC collected 30 min after
oral rinse with AGE and control BEC was observed. The diminished adherence of C.
albicans to BEC after exposure to various concentrations of garlic may have clinical
relevance.

Title
Evaluation of the antiparasitic effect of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract in
hymenolepiasis nana and giardiasis.
Author
Soffar SA; Mokhtar GM
Source
J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 1991 Aug, 21:2, 497-502
Abstract
The effect of serial dilutions of crude garlic (Allium sativum) extract on adult Hymenolepis
nana was studied to detect the minimal lethal concentration which was found to be 1/20. A.
sativum was tried in the treatment of 10 children infected with H. nana and 26 infected with
G. lamblia as 5 ml crude extract in 100 ml water in 2 doses per day, or commercial
preparation (0.6 mg capsules) 2 capsules twice/day for 3 days. A sativum was found to be
efficient, safe and shortens the duration of treatment. The possible mode of action of A.
sativum and the correlation between the clinical and parasitological findings were discussed.

Title
Antifungal activity in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after intravenous administration
of Allium sativum.
Author
Davis LE; Shen JK; Cai Y
Source
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1990 Apr, 34:4, 651-3
Abstract
Commercial Allium sativum (garlic) extract was given intravenously to two patients with
cryptococcal meningitis and three patients with other types of meningitis. Plasma titers of
anti-Cryptococcus neoformans activity rose twofold over preinfusion titers. Anti-C.
neoformans activity was detected in four of five cerebrospinal fluid samples but not in
pooled normal cerebrospinal fluid.

Title
Anaphylactic reaction to young garlic.
Author
Pérez Pimiento AJ; Moneo I; Santaolalla M; de Paz S; Fernández Parra B; Domínguez
Lázaro AR
Source
Allergy, 1999 Jun, 54:6, 626-9
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Garlic is well known to cause contact dermatitis and asthma. However,
it is a very rare cause of food allergy. We present the case of a 23-year-old woman with
previous history of allergy to pollen and dried fruit, and food-dependent, exercise-induced
anaphylaxis for which no specific food could be identified as responsible, who experienced
an anaphylactic reaction after eating young garlic. METHODS: Skin prick tests and specific
IgE immunoassay with several pollens and foods were performed, as well as the
prick-prick test with young garlic and SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting IgE to
young garlic and other Liliaceae species, mustard, sesame, parsley, celery, hazelnut, almond,
and pollen of birch and mugwort. RESULTS: Skin prick tests and specific IgE were mainly
positive for grass, plane tree, and mugwort pollen; peanut; hazelnut; walnut; almond; and
mustard. Prick-prick tests with young garlic and garlic were positive. Total IgE was 113
U/ml. SDS-PAGE immunoblotting showed IgE-binding bands at 12 kDa to young garlic,
garlic, onion, and leek extracts. Similar bands could also be detected with mugwort pollen
and hazelnut extract. CONCLUSIONS: We describe IgE-mediated reaction to young garlic
in a patient sensitized to pollen and dried fruit.

Title
Effects of the garlic compounds diallyl sulphide and diallyl disulphide on arylamine
N-acetyltransferase activity in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Author
Chen GW; Chung JG; Ho HC; Lin JG
Source
J Appl Toxicol, 1999 Mar, 19:2, 75-81
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activities with 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) were
determined in the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae. Cytosols or suspensions of K.
pneumoniae with or without specific concentrations of diallyl sulphide (DAS) or diallyl
disulphide (DADS) as co-treatment showed different percentages of 2-AF acetylation. The
data indicated that there was decreased NAT activity associated with increased levels of
DAS or DADS in K. pneumoniae. In growth studies on K. pneumoniae it was
demonstrated that DAS or DADS elicited a dose-dependent bacteriocide effect on K.
pneumoniae. For the cytosol examinations, the apparent values of Km and Vmax were
0.96+/-0.09 mM and 7.87+/-0.79 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively, for 2-AF.
However, when DAS or DADS was added to the reaction mixtures, the apparent values of
Km and Vmax were 0.16+/-0.04 mM and 0.99+/-0.16 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein with
DAS, respectively, and 0.14+/-0.18 mM and 0.85+/-0.10 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein with
DADS, respectively, for 2-AF. For the intact bacteria examination, the apparent values of
Km and Vmax were 0.57+/-0.06 mM and 2.00+/-0.14 nmol min(-1) per 10x10(10) CFU,
respectively, for 2-AF. However, when DAS or DADS was added to the reaction mixtures,
the apparent of values of Km and Vmax were 0.41+/-0.04 mM and 1.30+/-0.10 nmol
min(-1) per 10x10(10) CFU with DAS, respectively, and 0.34+/-0.04 mM and 1.08+/-0.08
nmol min(-1) per 10x10(10) CFU with DADS, respectively, for 2-AF. This report is the
first demonstration to show that the garlic components DAS and DADS would affect K.
pneumoniae growth and NAT activity.

Title
The radical scavenging ability of garlic examined in various models [published erratum
appears in Boll Chim Farm 1995 Apr;134(4):245]
Author
Rietz B; Belagyi J; Török B; Jacob R
Source
Boll Chim Farm, 1995 Feb, 134:2, 69-76
Abstract
The influence of an intake of garlic powder (1% added to a standard chow for an 8 week
period) on the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias under radical reperfusion was
investigated in the isolated rat heart perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution and
the generating system hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase. The incidence of ventricular
fibrillation (VF) after the reopening of the LAD was significantly reduced in the garlic group
as compared to the untreated controls (VF: 50% vs 89%). As this protective effect might
relate to radical scavenging capacities, two in vitro radical generating test systems were
chosen where the garlic activity could be determined. Dose-dependently, garlic was able to
capture the radicals. Interestingly, only the garlic extract, was active. The ethanol extract
hardly showed any radical scavenging ability. According to this result, we concluded that an
intact alliin-alliinase system is important for the activity of garlic. Further investigations
were done with different tissues under oxidative stress conditions. The kinetics of each
organ, were measured chemiluminometrically. Especially liver and kidney of garlic fed rats
showed inhibiting effects. Finally, an attempt was made to relate these radical scavenging
and lipidperoxidation inhibiting effects to respective garlic compounds. Two substances,
allylmercaptane and diallyldisulfide, were proposed.

Title
Heating garlic inhibits its ability to suppress 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced DNA
adduct formation in rat mammary tissue.
Author
Song K; Milner JA
Source
J Nutr, 1999 Mar, 129:3, 657-61
Abstract
The present studies compared the impact of heating, either by microwave or convection
oven, on the ability of garlic to reduce the in vivo bioactivation of
7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in 55-d-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. In
study 1, rats were fed a semipurified casein-based diet and treated by gastric gavage thrice
weekly for 2-wk with crushed garlic (0.7 g in 2 mL corn oil) or the carrier prior to DMBA
treatment (50 mg/kg body weight). Providing crushed garlic reduced by 64% (P < 0.05) the
quantity DMBA-induced DNA adducts present in mammary epithelial cells compared to
controls. In study 2, microwave treatment for 60 s, but not 30 s, decreased (P < 0.05) the
protection provided by garlic against DMBA-induced adduct formation. In study 3,
allowing crushed garlic to stand for 10 min prior to microwave heating for 60 s significantly
(P < 0.05) restored its anticarcinogenic activity. Microwave heating of garlic for 30 s
resulted in a 90% loss of alliinase activity. Heating in a convection oven (study 4) also
completely blocked the ability of uncrushed garlic to retard DMBA bioactivation. Study 5
revealed that providing either 0.105 micromol diallyl disulfide or S-allyl cysteine by gastric
gavage thrice weekly for 2 wk was effective in retarding DMBA bioactivation but isomolar
alliin was not. These studies provide evidence that alliinase may be important for the
formation of allyl sulfur compounds that contribute to a depression in DMBA metabolism
and bioactivation.

Title
Garlic and its significance for the prevention of cancer in humans: a critical view.
Author
Dorant E; van den Brandt PA; Goldbohm RA; Hermus RJ; Sturmans F
Address
Department of Epidemiology, University of Limburg, Maastricht.
Source
Br J Cancer, 1993 Mar, 67:3, 424-9
Abstract
Recently published results of epidemiologic case-control studies in China and Italy on
gastric carcinoma in relation to diet suggest that consuming garlic may reduce the risk of
gastric cancer. Chemical constituents of garlic have been tested for their inhibiting effect on
carcinogenesis, using in vitro and in vivo models. In most experiments inhibition of tumour
growth was established using fresh garlic extract, garlic compounds or synthetically
prepared analogs. In this review the strengths and weaknesses of the experiments are
discussed and the outcomes are evaluated to assess the possible significance of garlic or
garlic compounds for the prevention of cancer in humans. It is concluded that evidence from
laboratory experiments and epidemiologic studies is presently not conclusive as to the
preventive activity of garlic. However, the available evidence warrants further research into
the possible role of garlic in the prevention of cancer in humans.

Title
Assessing the risks and benefits of herbal medicine: an overview of scientific evidence.
Author
Barrett B; Kiefer D; Rabago D
Source
Altern Ther Health Med, 1999 Jul, 5:4, 40-9
Abstract
The use of herbal medicine is widespread and growing, with as many as 3 in 10 Americans
using botanical remedies in a given year. Because many herbal medicines have significant
pharmacological activity, and thus potential adverse effects and drug interactions, healthcare
professionals must be familiar with this therapeutic modality. This article summarizes the
history and current use of plant-based medicine and highlights the evidence of the risks and
benefits associated with 6 plants: echinacea, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, St John's wort, and
valerian. Therapies outside the medical mainstream tend to suffer from a dearth of research
and critical evaluation. Critics and supporters alike note the conceptual and practical
difficulties in studying many complementary and alternative therapies such as acupuncture,
homeopathy, and meditation. Herbal medicine, however, lends itself well to standard
evaluation methods. This article summarizes and evaluates evidence from randomized
controlled trials and meta-analyses. We present the results of meta-analyses and subsequent
randomized controlled trials for garlic and St John's wort; a comprehensive critical review
and subsequent randomized controlled trials for ginkgo; and summaries of all identified
randomized controlled trials for echinacea, ginger, and valerian.

Title
Protective effects of garlic and related organosulfur compounds on acetaminophen-induced
hepatotoxicity in mice.
Author
Wang EJ; Li Y; Lin M; Chen L; Stein AP; Reuhl KR; Yang CS
Source
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1996 Jan, 136:1, 146-54
Abstract
In previous studies, we have demonstrated that diallyl sulfide, a flavor component of garlic,
protects against chemically induced hepatotoxicity. The present study examined the activities
of fresh garlic homogenates (FGH) and related organosulfur compounds in the protection
against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity and the possible mechanisms
involved in this protection. When FGH (5 g/kg) was administered to Swiss-Webster mice 2
hr prior to, or immediately after, an APAP treatment (0.2 g/kg), APAP-induced
hepatotoxicity was essentially prevented as indicated by serum levels of alanine
aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase and by liver histopathology. Partial protection
was observed with a lower dose of FGH (0.5 g/kg). FGH also prevented APAP-induced
hepatic glutathione depletion in a dose-dependent manner. FGH significantly inhibited the
formation of APAP-oxidized metabolites, as indicated by decreased plasma levels of
oxidized APAP metabolites. The amount of APAP excreted as oxidized metabolites in the
24 hr urine samples was also significantly lower in the mice pretreated with FGH. FGH
supernatant inhibited cytochrome P450-dependent APAP oxidation in microsomal
incubations. The results suggest that the protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by
FGH is mainly due to its inhibition of P450-mediated APAP bioactivation. Several
garlic-derived organosulfur compounds and structurally related compounds were examined
for their abilities to protect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. An S-allyl structure
appears to be a common feature for most sulfides to inhibit P450 2E1-dependent activity
and to display good protective activities.